Kai ʻulaʻulahiki i ka pilikia ke hoʻopau i ka moku holo honua,
Kai ʻulaʻula,
ʻO OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), pili i ka US DOL (Department of Labor), koi i nā huahana a pau e hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi hana pono e hoʻāʻo a hōʻoia ʻia e NRTL ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana ma ka mākeke.ʻO nā kūlana hoʻāʻo kūpono e pili ana i nā maʻamau American National Standards Institute (ANSI);Nā kūlana o ka American Society for Testing Material (ASTM), nā kūlana Underwriter Laboratory (UL), a me nā kūlana o ka hui hui ʻana o ka hale hana.
OSHA:ʻO ka pōkole o ka ʻoihana palekana a me ka mālama ola kino.He hui ia o US DOL (Department of Labor).
NRTL:Hoʻopau ʻia o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻike ʻia o ka Lahui.ʻO ia ke kuleana o ka ʻae ʻana o ka lab.Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, aia he 18 mau keʻena hoʻāʻo ʻaoʻao ʻekolu i ʻae ʻia e NRTL, me TUV, ITS, MET a pēlā aku.
cTUVus:Hōʻailona hōʻoia o TUVRh ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ETL:ʻO ka pōkole o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Uila ʻAmelika.Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1896 e Albert Einstein, ka mea hana ʻAmelika.
UL:ʻO ka pōkole o Underwriter Laboratories Inc.
'ikamu | UL | cTUVus | ETL |
Hoʻohana maʻamau | Ua like | ||
Pono ke kula no ka loaa palapala | NRTL (Lahui i ʻae ʻia e ka lāhui) | ||
Makeke noi | ʻAmelika ʻĀkau (US a me Kanada) | ||
ʻOihana hoʻāʻo a hōʻoia | Hana ʻo Underwriter Laboratory (China) Inc i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a hoʻopuka i ka leka hoʻopau papahana | Hana ʻo MCM i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka palapala hoʻopuka TUV | Hana ʻo MCM i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka palapala hoʻopuka TUV |
Ka manawa o waena o ka hoʻomaka a i ka wā pau | 5-12W | 2-3W | 2-3W |
Uku noi | Kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoa | Ma kahi o 50 ~ 60% o ke kumukūʻai UL | Ma kahi o 60 ~ 70% o ke kumukūʻai UL |
Pōmaikaʻi | He hui kūloko ʻAmelika me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma US a me Kanada | Loaʻa i kahi hui International ka mana a hāʻawi i ke kumukūʻai kūpono, e ʻike ʻia e ʻAmelika ʻAmelika | He hui ʻAmelika me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau |
Ka pōʻino |
| ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻailona ma mua o ka UL | ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike ma mua o ka UL i ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻāpana huahana |
● Kākoʻo palupalu mai ka hōʻoia a me ka ʻenehana:Ma ke ʻano he keʻena hoʻāʻo hōʻike o TUVRH a me ITS ma North American Certification, hiki iā MCM ke hana i nā ʻano hoʻāʻo āpau a hāʻawi i ka lawelawe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana he alo a he alo.
● Kākoʻo paʻakikī mai ka ʻenehana:Hoʻolako ʻia ʻo MCM me nā mea hoʻāʻo a pau no nā pāhana o nā papahana nui, liʻiliʻi a pololei (ʻo ia hoʻi ke kaʻa uila uila, ka ikehu mālama, a me nā huahana uila uila), hiki ke hāʻawi i nā lawelawe hoʻāʻo a me nā lawelawe hōʻoia ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, e uhi ana i nā kūlana. UL2580, UL1973, UL2271, UL1642, UL2054 a pēlā aku.
ʻO ke Kaiʻula wale nō ke ala e holo ai nā moku ma waena o ka Moana ʻAkelanika a me India.Aia ia ma ka hui ana o na konetineta elua o Asia a me Aferika.Hoʻopili kona ʻaoʻao hema i ke Kai ʻArabia a me ka Moana ʻĪnia ma o ke kowaʻo Bab el-Mandeb, a ʻo kona ʻaoʻao ʻākau e pili ana me ke Kai Mediterranean a me ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma o ka Canal Suez.ʻO ke ala ma ke ala ʻo Bab el-Mandeb Strait, ke Kaiʻula a me ka Canal Suez kekahi o nā ala moku ʻoi loa o ka honua.ʻO ka Canal Suez i kēia manawa ʻo ia ka ʻaʻa kaʻa kaʻa nui loa ma ka honua, ʻoiai ke kū nei ka Canal Panama i kēia manawa i ka pilikia nui o ka wai a me ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻokele.Ma ke ʻano he ala hoʻokele nui no Asia-Europa, Asia-Mediterranean, a me Asia-Eastern United States ala, ʻo ke Canal Suez, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona hopena i ke kālepa honua a me ka moku.Wahi a ka Neue Zürcher Zeitung, ma kahi o 12% o ka halihali ukana honua e hele ana ma ke Kaiʻula a me ka Canal Suez.
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi pōʻai hou o ka hakakā Palestinian-Israeli, ua hoʻolauna pinepine nā pūʻali koa Houthi o Yemen i nā missile a me nā drone kaua ma luna o ka ʻIseraʻela ma ke kumu o ke "kākoʻo iā Palestine" a ua hoʻomau i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā moku "hui pū me ʻIseraʻela" ma ke Kaiʻula.I ka ʻike ʻana i ka lono pinepine o nā moku kalepa e hoʻouka ʻia ana ma kahi kokoke i ke Kaiʻula-Mandeb Strait, ua hoʻolaha nui nā moku lawe moku a puni ka honua - Swiss Mediterranean, Danish Maersk, French CMA CGM, German Hapag-Lloyd, etc. Alanui kai.Ma ka lā 18 o Dekemaba, 2023, ua hoʻolaha nā ʻoihana moku ʻelima kiʻekiʻe o ka honua i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka holo ʻana ma ke ala wai ʻo Red Sea-Suez.Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo COSCO, Orient Overseas Shipping (OOCL) a me Evergreen Marine Corporation (EMC) e hoʻokuʻu ko lākou mau moku pahu i ka holo ʻana ma ke Kaiʻula.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻoihana moku lawe ipu nui o ka honua a i ʻole e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka holo ʻana ma ke ala ʻo Red Sea-Suez.
ʻO ka pilikia o ke Kaiʻula ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā puke ma nā ala komohana a pau ma Asia Hikina, me ka Middle East, Red Sea, North Africa, Black Sea, hikina Mediterranean, komohana Mediterranean a me ʻEulopa komohana.