ʻO ka dynamic maʻamau ma ka home a ma waho
ʻO ke kūlana maʻamau ma ka home a ma waho,
UL 1973,
▍He aha ka cTUVus & ETL CERTIFICATION?
ʻO OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), pili i ka US DOL (Department of Labor), koi i nā huahana a pau e hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi hana pono e hoʻāʻo a hōʻoia ʻia e NRTL ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana ma ka mākeke. ʻO nā kūlana hoʻāʻo kūpono e pili ana i nā maʻamau American National Standards Institute (ANSI); Nā kūlana o ka American Society for Testing Material (ASTM), nā kūlana Underwriter Laboratory (UL), a me nā kūlana o ka hui hui ʻana o ka hale hana.
▍OSHA, NRTL, cTUVus, ETL a me UL wehewehe a me ka pilina
OSHA:ʻO ka pōkole o ka ʻoihana palekana a me ka mālama ola kino. He hui ia o US DOL (Department of Labor).
NRTL：Hoʻopau ʻia o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻike ʻia o ka Lahui. ʻO ia ke kuleana o ka ʻae ʻana o ka lab. Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, aia he 18 mau keʻena hoʻāʻo ʻaoʻao ʻekolu i ʻae ʻia e NRTL, me TUV, ITS, MET a pēlā aku.
cTUVus：Hōʻailona hōʻoia o TUVRh ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ETL：ʻO ka pōkole o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Uila ʻAmelika. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1896 e Albert Einstein, ka mea hana ʻAmelika.
UL：ʻO ka pōkole o Underwriter Laboratories Inc.
▍ ʻOkoʻa ma waena o cTUVus, ETL & UL
| 'ikamu | UL | cTUVus | ETL |
| Hoʻohana maʻamau | Ua like | ||
| Pono ke kula no ka loaa palapala | NRTL (Lahui i ʻae ʻia e ka lāhui) | ||
| Makeke noi | ʻAmelika ʻĀkau (US a me Kanada) | ||
| ʻOihana hoʻāʻo a hōʻoia | Hana ʻo Underwriter Laboratory (China) Inc i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a hoʻopuka i ka leka hoʻopau papahana | Hana ʻo MCM i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka palapala hoʻopuka TUV | Hana ʻo MCM i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka palapala hoʻopuka TUV |
| Ka manawa o waena o ka hoʻomaka a i ka wā pau | 5-12W | 2-3W | 2-3W |
| Uku noi | Kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoa | Ma kahi o 50 ~ 60% o ke kumukūʻai UL | Ma kahi o 60 ~ 70% o ke kumukūʻai UL |
| Pōmaikaʻi | He hui kūloko ʻAmelika me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma US a me Kanada | Loaʻa i kahi hui International ka mana a hāʻawi i ke kumukūʻai kūpono, e ʻike ʻia e ʻAmelika ʻAmelika | He hui ʻAmelika me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau |
| Ka pōʻino |
| ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻailona ma mua o ka UL | ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike ma mua o ka UL i ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻāpana huahana |
▍No ke aha MCM?
● Kākoʻo palupalu mai ka hōʻoia a me ka ʻenehana:Ma ke ʻano he keʻena hoʻāʻo hōʻike o TUVRH a me ITS ma North American Certification, hiki iā MCM ke hana i nā ʻano hoʻāʻo āpau a hāʻawi i ka lawelawe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana he alo a he alo.
● Kākoʻo paʻakikī mai ka ʻenehana:Hoʻolako ʻia ʻo MCM me nā mea hoʻāʻo a pau no nā pāhana o nā papahana nui, liʻiliʻi a pololei (ʻo ia hoʻi ke kaʻa uila uila, ka ikehu mālama, a me nā huahana uila uila), hiki ke hāʻawi i nā lawelawe hoʻāʻo a me nā lawelawe hōʻoia ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, e uhi ana i nā kūlana. UL2580, UL1973, UL2271, UL1642, UL2054 a pēlā aku.
I kēia mahina, hoʻololi ʻo ULUL 1973ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pono pākaukau nickel-zinc a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i kekahi mau waiwai hoʻāʻo no nā pākahi nickel-cadmium a me nā ʻōnaehana pākahi. ʻO ke kumu, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka Appendix H i nā kinikini nickel rechargeable. ʻO Appendix H, ʻo ia nā ala ʻē aʻe no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pāpaʻi i hoʻokele ʻia a i ʻole Vented Lead-acid a i ʻole Nickel-cadmium Batteries, i kēia manawa nā ala ʻē aʻe no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pāpaʻi-controlled a i ʻole Vented Lead- ʻakika a i ʻole Nickel-zinc Battery. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kūlana hoʻāʻo kūpono no ka pā nickel-zinc i nā ʻano hoʻāʻo o ka overcharge, short-circuit, overdischarge, ka wela a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana.
Wahi a ka Manaʻo o ke Keʻena Nui o ka ʻAha Moku'āina e hoʻohonu i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele uila a me ka uila: nā pā lithium-ion a me nā ʻeke ʻeke uila i hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana uila a me ka uila, nā panakō mana, a me ka mana adapter / charger i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huahana hope telecommunication. e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka palapala hōʻoia huahana koi. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi mau nūhou e pili ana i ka hōʻoia a me nā kūlana hoʻāʻo e pili ana: Ua hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ka GB/T 35590-2017 General Specification for Portable Power Supply for IT Portable Digital Equipment. E mālama ʻia ka ʻaha kūkā kamaʻilio ma ʻOkakopa 13, 2022.E ʻike ʻia nā ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ke kūlana e pono ai ke aʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he palapala hōʻoia a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana no nā pā lithium no nā huahana lako uila. I kēia manawa, ʻo SJ/T 11757-2020 ka maʻamau kūpono loa no nā pā lithium no nā mea hana.
