Kāpae

Ua hoʻokumu ke aupuni ʻAmelika i kahi ʻōnaehana komo mākeke piha piha a koʻikoʻi no ke kaʻa. Ma muli o ke kumu o ka hilinaʻi i nā ʻoihana, ʻaʻole mālama nā keʻena aupuni i nā kaʻina hana a pau o ka hōʻoia a me ka hoʻāʻo. Hiki i ka mea hana ke koho i ke ala kūpono e hoʻokō ai i ka hōʻoia ponoʻī a haʻi aku ua kū i nā koi o nā lula. ʻO ka hana nui a ke aupuni ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻi.

Aia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia kaʻa kaʻa US nā palapala hōʻoia:

• Palapala hōʻoia DOT: ʻO iakomopalekana kaʻa, mālama ikehu a me ka ʻaihue. Hoʻokele nui ʻia e ka US Department of Transportation / National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Hoʻolaha nā mea hana kaʻa inā e hālāwai lākou me ka Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) ma o ka nānā ʻana iā lākou iho, a hoʻokō ke aupuni i kahi ʻōnaehana hōʻoia ma hope o ka nānā ʻana.
• Palapala EPA: Hana ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka palapala EPA ma lalo o ka mana o kaKanawai Ea Maemae. Loaʻa i ka palapala hōʻoia EPA nā mea he nui o ka hōʻoia ponoʻī. ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia ka manaʻo nui i ka pale kaiapuni.
• Ka palapala hōʻoia CARB: ʻO CARB (California Air Resources Board) ka mokuʻāina mua i ka US / honua e hoʻopuka i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu no nā kaʻa kaʻa. Pono ke komo ʻana i kēia mākeke i kekahi o nā lula kaiapuni koʻikoʻi loa i ka honua. No nā kaʻa kaʻa mākaukau no ka lawe ʻana aku i Kaleponi, pono e loaʻa i nā mea hana kahi palapala CARB ʻokoʻa.

DOT palapala hōʻoia

Mana hōʻoia

ʻO ka US DOT ke kuleana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka halihali ma ka ʻāina, me nā kaʻa kaʻa, ke kai a me ka ea. ʻO ka NHTSA, kahi kino haʻahaʻa o ka DOT, ʻo ia ka mana i hōʻoia ʻia e DOT ke kuleana no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka FMVSS. ʻO ia ka mana kiʻekiʻe loa no ka palekana kaʻa i ke aupuni US.

ʻO ka hōʻoia DOT he hōʻoia ponoʻī (hōʻoia huahana e ka hale hana ponoʻī a i ʻole kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻekolu, a laila waiho i kahi noi me DOT). Hoʻohana ka mea hana i nā ala kūpono o ka hōʻoia, mālama i nā moʻolelo o nā hoʻokolohua āpau i ka wā o ke kaʻina hōʻoia ponoʻī, a hoʻopaʻa i kahi hōʻailona paʻa ma ka wahi i koho ʻia o ke kaʻa e hōʻike ana e hoʻokō kēia kaʻa i nā lula FMVSS pili i ka wā e haʻalele ai i ka hale hana. ʻO ka pau ʻana o nā ʻanuʻu i luna e hōʻike ana i ka hala o ka palapala hōʻoia DOT, a ʻaʻole e hāʻawi ʻo NHTSA i nā lepili a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala i ke kaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana.

Kūlana

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lula DOT e pili ana i nā kaʻa i nā ʻāpana ʻenehana a me ka hoʻokele. ʻO nā lula ʻenehana he moʻo FMVSS, a ʻo nā hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono he 49CFR50 series.

No nā kaʻa uila, ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana, ka pale ʻana i ka hui ʻana a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā kaʻa kuʻuna, pono lākou e hoʻokō me FMVSS 305: electrolyte overflow a me ka pale haʻalulu uila ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻopili i ka māka DOT e like me nā koi hoʻoponopono kūpono.

Hōʻike ka FMVSS 305 i nā koi palekana no nā kaʻa uila i ka wā a ma hope o kahi ulia.

• Ka nui o ka noi: ʻO nā kaʻa holo kaʻa me ka uila hana ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 60 Vdc a i ʻole 30 Vac uila ma ke ʻano he mana propulsion, a me nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa, nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa me ka helu kaumaha ʻoi aku ma mua o 4536 kg.
• ʻO ke ala hoʻāʻo: Ma hope o ka hopena mua, ka ʻaoʻao a me ka hopena hope o ke kaʻa uila, me ka ʻole o ka electrolyte e komo i loko o ke keʻena kaʻa, pono e mālama ʻia ka pākaukau a ʻaʻole pono e komo i loko o ke keʻena kaʻa, a me nā koi uila o ka insulation. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka impedance ma mua o ka waiwai maʻamau. Ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua lawe ʻia ka hoʻāʻo static roll ma 90° i kēlā me kēia ʻōwili e hōʻoia ʻaʻole e kahe ka electrolyte i loko o ke keʻena kaʻa ma kēlā me kēia kihi rollover.

ʻOihana kiaʻi

ʻO ke keʻena hoʻokō o ka mākaʻikaʻi hōʻoia DOT ʻo ke Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance (OVSC) ma lalo o NHTSA, nāna e hana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kaʻa a me nā mea hana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. E hoʻokō ʻia ka hōʻike hoʻokō ma ka hale hana i hui pū ʻia me OVSC. E hōʻoia ʻia ka hōʻoia ponoʻī o ka mea hana e nā hoʻokolohua.

Hoʻoponopono hoʻomanaʻo

Hoʻopuka ka NHTSA i nā kūlana palekana kaʻa a koi i nā mea hana e hoʻomanaʻo i nā kaʻa a me nā lako me nā hemahema pili i ka palekana. Hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke pane aku i nā hemahema o kā lākou kaʻa ma ka pūnaewele NHTSA. E nānā a noiʻi ʻo NHTSA i ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku, a e hoʻoholo inā pono ka mea hana e hoʻomaka i nā hana hoʻomanaʻo.

Nā kūlana ʻē aʻe

Ma waho aʻe o ka palapala hōʻoia DOT, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana loiloi palekana kaʻa uila US pū kekahi me nā kūlana SAE, nā kūlana UL a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻino IIHS, etc.

SAE

ʻO ka Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1905, ʻo ia ka hui hoʻonaʻauao nui loa o ka honua no ka ʻenekinia kaʻa. ʻO nā mea noiʻi ʻo nā kaʻa kaʻa kuʻuna, nā kaʻa uila, nā mokulele, nā ʻenekini, nā mea hana a me nā mea hana. ʻO nā kūlana i hoʻomohala ʻia e SAE he mana a hoʻohana nui ʻia e ka ʻoihana kaʻa a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me nā kūlana aupuni ma United States. Hoʻopuka wale ka SAE i nā kūlana a ʻaʻole kuleana no ka hōʻoia huahana.

Ka hopena

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka European Type Approval system, ʻo ka mākeke US no nā kaʻa uila he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke komo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kānāwai a me ka mākaʻikaʻi mākeke. ʻO nā mana o USmarket marketkiaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki. A inā ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻole, e kau ʻia ka hoʻopaʻi e like me 49CFR 578 - CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES. No kēlā me kēia papahana kaʻa a i ʻole kaʻa, e hoʻopaʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia hewa e pili ana i ka palekana a ʻo kēlā me kēia hāʻule a hōʻole paha i ka hana ʻana i nā hana i koi ʻia e kekahi o kēia mau pauku e hoʻopaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻi kīwila no nā hewa he $105 miliona. Ma o ka nānā ʻana i luna o nā koi hoʻoponopono o ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia US, ke manaʻo nei mākou e kōkua i nā ʻoihana kūloko e loaʻa ka ʻike piha o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele o nā kaʻa a me nā ʻāpana huahana ma US, a e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono a me nā koi, he mea kōkua. e hoʻomohala i ka mākeke US.