Kāpae

I ka makahiki 1800, ua kūkulu ka physicist Italia ʻo A. Volta i ka puʻu voltaic, nāna i wehe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pākaukau kūpono a wehewehe ʻia no ka manawa mua i ke koʻikoʻi o ka electrolyte i nā mea mālama uila electrochemical. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka electrolyte ma ke ʻano he uila uila a me ka ion-conducting layer ma ke ʻano o ka wai a paʻa paha, i hoʻokomo ʻia ma waena o nā electrodes maikaʻi ʻole. I kēia manawa, hana ʻia ka electrolyte kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka paʻakai lithium paʻa (e laʻa me LiPF6) i loko o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe carbonate organik ʻole wai (e laʻa me EC a me DMC). E like me ke ʻano o ka cell cell form a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ʻo ka electrolyte ka mea maʻamau no ka 8% a 15% o ke kaumaha o ke kelepona. He aha's oi, kona flammability a me ka maikaʻi hana wela laula o -10°C a hiki i 60°Kāohi nui ʻo C i ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i ka nui o ka ikehu a me ka palekana. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano hana electrolyte hou i mea e hiki ai ke hoʻomohala i ka hanauna hou o nā pilahi hou.

Ke hana nei nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomohala i nā ʻōnaehana electrolyte like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe fluorinated e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka paikikala metala lithium maikaʻi, nā electrolytes paʻa organik a inorganic paha e pōmaikaʻi ai i ka ʻoihana kaʻa a me nā "bateri aupuni paʻa" (SSB). ʻO ke kumu nui inā hoʻololi ka electrolyte paʻa i ka electrolyte wai mua a me ka diaphragm, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka palekana, ka ikehu hoʻokahi a me ke ola o ka pākaukau. A laila, hōʻuluʻulu nui mākou i ka holomua noiʻi o nā electrolytes paʻa me nā mea like ʻole.

ʻO nā electrolytes paʻa ʻole

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā electrolytes paʻa ʻole i loko o nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikehu electrochemical pāʻoihana, e like me kekahi mau ʻeke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe rechargeable Na-S, Na-NiCl2 a me Li-I2 pākahi. Ma hope i ka makahiki 2019, ua hōʻike ʻo Hitachi Zosen (Iapana) i kahi pahu pahu paʻa paʻa āpau o 140 mAh e hoʻohana ʻia ma ka lewa a hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ka International Space Station (ISS). Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia pākaukau me kahi electrolyte sulfide a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻole ʻia, hiki ke hana ma waena o -40°C a me 100°C. I ka makahiki 2021 ke hoʻolauna nei ka hui i kahi pākaukau paʻa kiʻekiʻe o 1,000 mAh. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Hitachi Zosen i ka pono o nā ʻenekini paʻa no nā wahi paʻakikī e like me ke ākea a me nā mea hana ʻoihana e hana ana i kahi ʻano maʻamau. Hoʻolālā ka hui e pāpālua i ka nui o ka pākaukau ma 2025. Akā i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohana i nā kaʻa uila ma waho o ka papa.

ʻO nā mea electrolytes semi-solid a paʻa

Ma ka ʻāpana electrolyte solid solid, ua kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻo Bolloré o Farani i kahi ʻano gel-type PVDF-HFP electrolyte a me kahi gel-type PEO electrolyte. Ua hoʻokumu pū ka hui i nā polokalamu hoʻokele kaʻa kaʻa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia e hoʻohana i kēia ʻenehana pākahi i nā kaʻa uila, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia pila polymer i nā kaʻa kaʻa. ʻO kekahi kumu i ko lākou hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻoihana kalepa ʻo ia hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (50°C a hiki i 80°C) a me nā pae uila haʻahaʻa. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei kēia mau pākahi i nā kaʻa kalepa, e like me kekahi mau kaʻa kaʻa kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻohe hihia o ka hana ʻana me nā pākahiko polymer electrolyte maʻemaʻe ma ka lumi wela (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 25°C).

Aia i loko o ka māhele semisolid nā electrolytes viscous loa, e like me nā hui ʻana o ka paʻakai-solvent, ka solution electrolyte i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paʻakai ma mua o ka 1 mol/L maʻamau, me nā kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ​​helu saturation e like me 4 mol/L. ʻO kahi hopohopo me nā huila electrolyte concentrated ʻo ia ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o nā paʻakai fluorinated, kahi e hāpai ai i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka ʻike lithium a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ia mau electrolytes. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kahi huahana oʻo e pono ai ka nānā ʻana i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. A ʻo nā mea maka no nā electrolytes semi-solid i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi i hiki ke hoʻohui maʻalahi i nā kaʻa uila.

Hybrid electrolytes

Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā electrolytes Hybrid, i ʻike ʻia me nā electrolytes hui ʻia, ma muli o nā electrolytes aqueous/organic solvent hybrid electrolyte a i ʻole ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi solution electrolyte wai non-aqueous i kahi electrolyte paʻa, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hana a me ka scalability o nā electrolytes paʻa a me nā koi no ka ʻenehana stacking. Eia nō naʻe, aia nō kēlā mau electrolytes hybrid i ka pae noiʻi a ʻaʻohe kumu kūʻai.

Nā manaʻo no ka hoʻomohala pāʻoihana o nā electrolytes

ʻO nā mea maikaʻi loa o nā electrolytes paʻa ka palekana kiʻekiʻe a me ke ola pōʻai lōʻihi, akā pono e noʻonoʻo pono ʻia kēia mau mea i ka wā e loiloi ai i nā wai a i ʻole nā ​​​​electrolytes paʻa.

• Kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana o ka electrolyte paʻa. Loaʻa i nā ʻōhua ʻana o ka Laboratory nā ʻāpana electrolyte paʻa me nā haneli microns mānoanoa, i uhi ʻia ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o nā electrodes. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kēia mau mea paʻa liʻiliʻi i ka hana i koi ʻia no nā kelepona nui (10 a 100Ah), no ka mea, ʻo ka nui o 10 ~ 100Ah ka palena liʻiliʻi e koi ʻia no nā pihi mana o kēia manawa.
• Hoʻololi ka electrolyte paʻa i ka hana o ka diaphragm. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o kona paona a me ka mānoanoa ma mua o ka diaphragm PP / PE, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia e hoʻokō i ke kaumaha kaumaha.≥350Wh/kga me ka nui o ka ikehu≥900Wh/L no ka pale ʻana i kāna ʻoihana kūʻai.

ʻO ka pākaukau he pilikia palekana i kekahi ʻano. ʻO nā electrolytes paʻa, ʻoiai ua ʻoi aku ka palekana ma mua o ka wai, ʻaʻole ia he mea hiki ʻole ke puhi. Hiki i kekahi mau polymers a me nā electrolytes inorganic ke hana me ka oxygen a i ʻole ka wai, e hana ana i ka wela a me nā kinoea ʻawaʻawa e hoʻopuka pū ai i ke ahi a me ka pōʻino. Ma waho aʻe o nā pūnaewele hoʻokahi, hiki i nā plastics, nā pahu a me nā mea paʻi ke kumu i ka puhi ʻole ʻia. No laila, i ka hopena, pono kahi ho'āʻo palekana holistic, pae ʻōnaehana.